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A Brief History of Blue Revolution 2.0
This paper maps out the key drivers, actors, and policies that have shaped the shrimp aquaculture industry in post-independence India. While the existing aquaculture regulations vilify the farmers for the industry’s socioecological disaster, this paper—through its analysis—shifts the liability to the multilateral consultancies and technical research institutions that were arbitrated by the postcolonial developmental state with the help of international aid under the guise of food security and alternate livelihoods while the shrimps were being exported.
In 2014, culture fisheries surpassed capture fisheries as a source of seafood at the global level for human consumption (Tacon and Metian 2018). The sector, dominated by Asian countries, constitutes 89% of the total global production (in volume terms) in the last 20 years (FAO 2020a). Even as India looks to further amplify its exports in the coming decade, it has already risen to the top, only behind China, in aquaculture production in the world (FAO 2020a) and is the leading supplier of shrimp and frozen fish in the international seafood markets1 (Televisory 2019).
The Revolution ‘Blues’: Context and Problem
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