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Implementation of Section 12(1)(c) of the Right to Education Act
Section 12(1)(c) of the Right to Education Act mandates non-minority private unaided schools to keep aside at least 25% of their entry-level seats for children belonging to disadvantaged sections to create a more integrated and inclusive schooling system. But its implementation experience has been far from satisfactory. More than half of the states and union territories have not implemented this provision (as of March 2016). Further, experiences of the states that implement this provision display considerable gaps. The Implementation of Section 12(1)(c) has also faced a plethora of litigations. The issues are discussed in-depth and recommendations for improving implementation have been provided.
We thank individuals (within and outside government) and organisations, whose efforts are instrumental in initiating and sustaining implementation of Section 12(1)(c), for numerous discussions and insights on implementation of Section 12(1)(c). The authors are thankful to the experts at the National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA) for providing relevant data and inputs for our research work. We are especially grateful to Avinash Singh for inviting us to present our work at the “Rights Based Approach to Education and Development: Policy, Premises and Practices Seminar” in February 2016. Comments of the seminar participants have been useful in improving this work further. Thanks are also due to Tanvi Bikhchandani, Reecha Das, Monisha Dhingra, Vasudha Kaul, Akshay Milap, Tariq Mustafa, Ashish Ranjan, and Neha Sharma for their outstanding research assistance. The authors would also like to thank their respective organisations for continuous support.
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