Articles by Ernesto Noronha

In pre-independent India, dock workers enjoyed little security of employment. Not only was work intermittent, there were no safety provisions while wages varied from contractor to contractor. With the setting up of the Bombay Dock Labour Board, a modicum of social security was provided for against sudden economic crises and during times of recession. Since the 1980s, however, changes that included the emergence of JNPT, subcontracting of workers, new modes of work, implementation of retirement schemes, among other measures have resulted in financial difficulties for the board. This paper deliberates on the conditions of labour that existed in ports of the pre-independence period and then seeks to analyse the impact of globalisation in context of the dock workers.

The primary conditions for the creation of international division of labour are the availability of cheap labour, an efficient telecommunication system, a worldwide mobilisation of capital and development of multilateral institutions. The process of liberalisation currently under way is directed at creating these conditions. The restructuring of industry, changes in the business environment and the slackening of labour laws in India have to be seen as part of the effort to put a new international division of labour in place.